LUNG NODULES
Last modified: January 27, 2025
Main reference: Fleischner Society 2017

Pulmonary nodules for patients not eligible for Fleischner Society recommendations
Last modified: September 7, 2025
Main reference: Massachusetts General Hospital 2017

Target population
Adults > 35 years old
Exclusion
Active neoplastic history < 5 years
Immunocompromised
Participant in a lung cancer screening program
High-risk population
Smoking 30 pa, cessation <15 years
Upper lobe nodule
< 5 nodules
Emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis
Women, Black and Hawaiian races
Family history of pulmonary neoplasia
Important Notes
Significant progression if increase ≥2 mm on one axis of the nodule
Subpleural or periscissural nodules, especially if triangular and with well-defined margins = benign
If nodule seen on examination includes only part of the thorax, do a chest scan according to the next recommended check (rather than completing with a chest scan immediately)
Additional Notes
Evaluate nodules on 1.0-1.5 mm sections
If there is doubt about the presence of a solid component in a subsolid nodule, the mediastinal window can be used to identify solid components
Nodule size is the average of its longest axis (on any plane) and its perpendicular diameter
In practice, the longest diameter is often used
More useful when nodule is oval or flat
Follow-up recommended as soon as there is a 1% risk of cancer
Mixed solid/ground glass nodules most suspicious for neoplasia
Figures

Table 1. Original summary recommendations of the Fleischner Society 2017

Table 2. Recommendations for patients not eligible for the Fleischner Society guidelines (MGH 2017)
References
MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, Lee KS, Leung ANC, Mayo JR, et al. Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images: From the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology. 2017 Jul;284(1):228–43. doi:org/10.1148/radiol.2017161659
Miller JC, Phil D, Boas G. Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on Computed Tomography Images. Massachusetts General Hospital - Radiology Rounds [Internet]. 2017 July. [ Link ].
Bueno J, Landeras L, Chung JH. Updated Fleischner Society Guidelines for Managing Incidental Pulmonary Nodules: Common Questions and Challenging Scenarios. RadioGraphics. 2018 Sep;38(5):1337–50 . doi:org/10.1148/rg.2018180017
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